Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a process of new blood vessel formation and scarring. It affects the retina (the seeing membrane at the back of the eye) primarily in very low birth weight babies. The same or a similar process occasionally affects term babies of normal weight. Though sometimes severe enough to cause a white pupil, the condition may be evident only during a careful examination by an ophthalmologist.

What Causes Retinopathy Of Prematurity?

The cause is complex and not completely understood. Factors that appear to influence this condition are primarily the degree of prematurity and birth weight. Other associated factors include respiratory problems, anemia, heart problems, hemorrhage in the brain and the need for supplemental oxygen to save the baby's life. It was once thought that oxygen therapy might be the cause of all cases of ROP Newer evidence about retinopathy of prematurity indicates that this is not true.

Do All Babies With Retinopathy Of Prematurity Go Blind?

No, only a small percentage goes blind. The changes in the retina may or may not lead to visual impairment depending on their location, progression and severity.

For unknown reasons, the excess blood vessel growth and scarring stops by itself in the majority of babies. Unfortunately, in a small percentage there is progressive sear formation that may impair vision and even cause blindness.

Can The Visual Outcome Of A Baby Be Predicted At The Time Of Diagnosis?

It is impossible to accurately predict the outcome of retinopathy of prematurity in an individual baby. Follow-up examinations are essential to observe the progression of the disease and to manage its complications.

Can Retinopathy Of Prematurity Be Prevented?

In spite of the most sophisticated hospital nurseries and neonatal intensive care units, retinopathy of prematurity continues to occur. It cannot be considered a preventable disease since it may be the price we must pay for survival of some very sick premature babies.

Can Retinopathy Of Prematurity Be Treated?

Although there is no proven medical or surgical treatment for the primary problem, several centers are investigating both drug and surgical methods of prevention and treatment. Associated problems such as nearsightedness, glaucoma, retinal detachment or misaligned eyes are treatable with varying success rates.

Reference: American Academy of Ophthalmology